Who Are the Animals of Ice Age the Movie

The three main characters we all know from the movie Ice Age and its sequels are all based on animals that lived during the glacial age that began during the Pleistocene epoch. However, the identity of the acorn-obsessed saber-toothed squirrel named Scrat turned out to be a scientific surprise. Manny the Mammoth Manny is a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), a species that lived about 200,000 years ago on the steppes of eastern Eurasia and North America. The wooly mammoth was about as big as an African elephant but had a couple of distinct differences from todays elephants. Instead of being bare-skinned, the wooly mammoth grew very thick fur all over its body that consisted of long guard hairs and a shorter, dense undercoat. Manny was a reddish-brown color, but mammoths ranged in color from black to blond and variations in between. The mammoths ears were smaller than the African elephants, helping it retain body heat and minimize the risk of frostbite. Another difference between mammoths and elephants: a pair of exceedingly long tusks that curved in an exaggerated arc around its face. Like modern elephants, the mammoths tusks were used in conjunction with its trunk to acquire food, fight with predators and other mammoths, and move things around when needed. The wooly mammoth ate grass an d sedges that grew low to the ground because there were few trees to be found in the grassy steppe landscape. Sid the Giant Ground Sloth Sid is a giant ground sloth (Megatheriidae family), a group of species that were related to modern tree sloths, but they looked nothing like them--or any other animal, for that matter. Giant ground sloths lived on the ground instead of in trees and were enormous in size (close to the size of mammoths). They had huge claws (up to about 25 inches in length), but they did not use them to catch other animals. Like the sloths that live today, giant sloths were not predators. Recent studies of fossilized sloth dung suggest that these giant creatures ate tree leaves, grasses, shrubs, and yucca plants. These Ice Age sloths originated in South America as far south as Argentina, but they gradually moved north to southern regions of North America. Diego the Smilodon Diegos long canine teeth give his identity away; he is a saber-toothed cat, more accurately known as a smilodon (genus Machairodontinae). Smilodons, which were the largest felines to have ever prowled the earth, lived in North and South America during the Pleistocene epoch. They were built more like bears than cats with heavy, stocky bodies built for powerful predation of bison, tapirs, deer, American camels, horses, and ground sloths like Sid. They delivered a quick, powerful and deep stabbing bite to the throat or upper neck of their prey, explains Per Christiansen of Aalborg University in Denmark. Scrat the Saber-Toothed Squirrel Unlike Manny, Sid, and Diego, Scrat the saber-toothed squirrel who is always chasing an acorn was not based on an actual animal from the Pleistocene. He is a fun figment of the movie creators imaginations. But, in 2011, a strange mammalian fossil was found in South America that looked a lot like Scrat. The primitive mouse-sized creature lived among the dinosaurs up to 100million years ago and sported a snout, very long teeth, and large eyes --just like popular animated character Scrat, reported The Daily Mail. Other Animals that Lived During the Ice Age Mastodon, Cave Lion, Baluchitherium Woolly Rhino. Steppe Bison, and Giant Short-Faced Bears.

Sympathizing with Brutus of William Shakespeares Julius...

Sympathizing with Brutus of William Shakespeares Julius Caesar Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare is an interesting and complex play based on historical events that took place in Rome in 44 BC. The plot revolves around the assassination of Julius Caesar by his closest friend- Marcus Brutus, and Marc Antonys attempt to avenge his death. The play portrays many important themes that are still relevant in todays society like the struggle for political power; love and friendship; the fallibility of men; and the fickleness of common people. Despite the title of the play, Brutus is the main character, and the most important in the group of conspirators that murder Julius Caesar. The†¦show more content†¦However, one might argue that that foretelling Caesar to be a tyrant is deeply flawed and wrong. How can Brutus be so sure that Caesar will become a tyrant? There is no way that Brutus can be one hundred percent sure. One would say Brutus argument is very weak and there was insufficient evidence pointing to any form of tyrannical behaviour from Caesar thus the killing of Caesar completely unjustified. Brutus is a considerate and honourable man because of his patriotism towards Rome and their people. Throughout the whole play, his intentions are for the goodness of Rome - à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer - not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more. He killed Caesar because of his concerns for Rome, and everything that he did was for the benefit of someone else. Even Marc Antony still recognised Brutus as the noblest Roman of them all. After his death he says This was the noblest Roman of them all; all the conspirators save only he did that they did in envy of great Caesar; he, only, in a general honest thought and common good to all... Anthony is basically saying that everyone in the conspiracy except Brutus killed Caesar out of jealousy. But Brutus killed Caesar because of his worry for theShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Caesar and Cleopatras Affair on Calpurnia2928 Words   |  12 PagesIsra Mahmood BA English Hons II – B 599 Paper IV Project The Effects of the Affair of Caesar and Cleopatra on Calpurnia ------------------------------------------------- Introduction After Hatshepsut, Cleopatra was the only Queen of Egypt who was seriously referred to as â€Å"Pharaoh†. The torrid love affair between one of the highest regarded Queens in history and that of the phenomenal Julius Caesar is considered to be one of the most romantic and grand ones in the world. Cecil B. Demille seems to

An student Free Essays

There is a thin line separating those who deserve an â€Å"A† and those who consistently receive â€Å"Ass†. As one progresses through the schooling system, different ideas are acquired about what the different letter grades mean and how to achieve them. The universal idea of an â€Å"A† is constantly changing, as does the difficulty of achieving one. We will write a custom essay sample on An student or any similar topic only for you Order Now Depending on the school/instructor, how difficult it is to achieve a certain grade can vary. So much so that common phrases such as â€Å"An easy ‘A'† and â€Å"An ‘A’ for effort† have emerged, while others insist that an â€Å"A† is closer to perfection Han it is to â€Å"a good effort†. Grades are supposed to be a numerical/letter representation of ones academic progress in a course or lesson. But more often than not, good grades become a goal and not a reward; thus students are striving for grades and not the knowledge which they represent. In his article â€Å"Making the Grade†, Kurt Westfield points out that students are often undeserving granted good grades. This allows the same students to graduate with a degree and find a Job, without the actual knowledge needed to strive in their field. Similarly, he then goes on to note that these under-qualified students that are now in the workplace aren’t ready for the tasks at hand. Universities are sending students into their careers with the same mindset they had throughout grapeshot, find the quick and easy way to get the Job done. Consequently, Jobs and projects could be done incorrectly or left incomplete. The difference is, though, that when these real world Jobs are incomplete or incorrect, they can create real world problems and difficulties. The grading system was made with the intention that it would accurately reflect a dents performance in a class. It’s commonly believed that if a student understands a subject well, they deserve an â€Å"A†. But for a student to actually deserve that grade, they must also complete the entire workload, whether they know they information or not. The grade in the class is determined by the amount of work the student completes correctly, and this is where the controversy starts. Some argue that if a student demonstrates that he/she understands the given subject, he/she should be given a passing grade (whether their work was completed or not). Others argue that if a student truly works their hardest and gives a strong effort in the class, they deserve a passing grade (whether their work was correct or not). At the end of the day though, if searching for a simple â€Å"A† grade in a class, one must be willing to work and study for that class, and complete each assignment with accuracy (easier said than done, of course! ). The source of the problem resides in the earliest years of the school system. Starting from a young age, students are being taught and prepared for the next school year instead of for life. Elementary school students are being prepared for adolescent, meddlesomeness are being prepared for householders, householders for college, etc. Each year of schooling teaches you Just enough to get through the next year. The problem is, though, that by the time the student reaches college he/ she is not ready for life as an adult, only for more school. Meaning that students are going into college with the idea that they need to pass, and not the idea that they need to be preparing for their future. Students aren’t realizing that what they are learning is essential for their Job until it’s too late and they are unable to perform. How to cite An student, Papers

Effect of Cultural Diversity on UK & US Business Operations

Question: What are the Effects of Cultural Diversity on UK US Business Operations? Aim: To explore the effect of cultural diversity on UK US business operations . Objectives: To Conduct a Critical Literature review into cultural diversity and UK US Cultural Diversity To analyse the findings in the light of the theory To discuss the findings To produce tentative recommendations Answer: Introduction Introduction to the Study The aim of this study is to explore the effect of cultural diversity on UK US business operations. Globalization and internationalization is critical and has become of great importance in the recent times. The companies are looking abroad to expand their operations and business as the world becomes more interconnected. The current workforce is a mixture of ethnic groups, genders, races, religions and lifestyles. Cultural Diversity in UK UK is a very homogeneous society. Britain has become increasingly diverse since World War II with a large amount of immigrated populations. It is difficult to identify British in the population because of the mixture in ethnicities. The British tend to be formal and they respect people at a high rank (Kwintessential.co.uk 2016). Cultural Diversity in US The US is a nation of immigrants and it is a culturally diverse country. The Americans have a friendly nature and they are renowned for their informality. They have a direct approach to communication and they value linear thinking. The Americans value time and punctuality (Kwintessential.co.uk 2016). Background and Significance of the Study Since a high number of businesses around the world enter the global market, there is a need of acquiring and sustaining competitiveness. Every country has a different culture but there are various factors that encourage companies to begin operations on an international level. The situation for some countries is not easy as they have to adapt with the cultures in a foreign country. This paper would analyse the cultures of UK and US and help the potential investors or migrants to make an informed decision. The report helps in analyzing the causes, consequences and management of workplace discrimination (Rose 2012). Problem Statement A bad choice of a new country for the investors to conduct business operations can lead to heavy financial losses and reduction in opportunities. Several concerns such as political factors, economic environment and cultural factors play a significant role in the international market. It is critical for a company to consider cultural difference before entering into the foreign market. Many obstacles can be subsidized and the entry in market can be made much more successful. It is important for the organizations to maintain a balance between employees and customers of the particular organization (Eide and Nikunen 2011). Research Questions Based on the problem discussion, the following research question was developed: How do cultural differences influence the business operations in UK and US? What are the most important cultural factors that must be considered by a company for investing in UK and US? Research Aims and Objectives The main aim of this paper is to put a deeper insight on the effect of cultural diversity on UK and US business operations. Other objectives are: To explain the benefits and limitations of workplace diversity To study the factors that influence cultural diversity To create awareness and influence diversity management To determine the different ways of dealing with workplace diversity To provide effective guidelines for diversity management in small as well as international organizations. Research Methodology The data is collected from secondary sources such as published journals, articles, websites and books. An explanatory approach is followed for preparing the paper. Definition of Terms Cultural Diversity Cultural diversity is also known as multiculturalism as a diverse group of individuals are involved. Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse cultures based on gender, ethnicity, age, sex, religion or sexual orientation (Bassett 2012). Diversity Management Diversity management is a process of creating and maintaining a positive work environment by valuing similarities and differences of individuals at the workplace. Not only the diversity management involves how one perceives himself, but also how an individual perceives other members of the organization (Bassett 2012). Literature Review Reasons for diversity management in organisations Various reasons accompany the need for diversity management listed as follows: Talent Shortage- In a competitive environment, it is necessary for the companies to find employees that would enhance creativity and innovation in the organization. Diversity management also reduced absenteeism as organizations are finding ways to attract, retain and utilize the valuable employees effectively (Foster 2011). Range of Consumer Need- The organizations feel the need to serve customers at their best in diversified markets. The communities have different languages, organizational benefits and diversified product range to attract diversified customers. Globalization- Globalization is a process in which businesses or organizations operate internationally crossing domestic boundaries. The prices of inputs vary across the world that enables organizations to outsource labour for cheaper cost. Factors necessary to adopt a diverse workforce The domestic workforce to the globalization of business has been increasing at a fast pace. The most important skill in the workplace for effective work performance is cultural competence. It is necessary to build cultural competence as it helps in giving the ability to understand, communicate and interact effectively with people across cultures. A range of factors are influence the workplace stated as under: Communication- It is critical to provide information accurately and promptly for boosting team performance. A project may require immediate corrective actions and people from different cultures have different attitudes towards bad news. Asian cultures may be reluctant to give bad news whereas a few cultures exaggerate the same (Oguntebi, Shcherbakova and Wooten 2012). Team-building- The issues of team-building can become problematic as the cultures may be individualistic, or collectivism may be prominent. Effective cross-cultural team building is necessary for benefitting the cultural diversity in the workplace. Time- Different cultures have different attitudes towards the time balance between personal life and corporate life. Some cultures value time and run errands exactly on deadlines. While in some cultures, deadlines are not given much importance, such cultural diversity impacts daily work. Calendars- Different cultures have different holidays such as Jews observe holiday from Rosh Hashanah to Yom Kippur, Christians celebrate Christmas differently in the West and East. These variations in holidays affect the working schedules (Oguntebi, Shcherbakova and Wooten 2012). Concepts in Diversity Management Diversity management can be defined as the process of planning, organizing, directing and applying the managerial attributes for developing organizational environment. Diversity can be described as having four layers: personality, internal dimensions, external dimensions and organizational dimensions. Personality- It can be described as a stable set of characteristics establishing identity of a person. The personality traits can be classified as positive or negative such as patience, reliance, trustworthy, rude, obnoxious and various others (Oguntebi, Shcherbakova and Wooten 2012). Internal Dimensions- The internal dimensions such as gender, race, ethnicity, physical ability or sexual orientation have a strong influence on peoples attitudes, expectations and attitudes (Johnson et al. 2014). External Dimensions- The dimensions such as educational levels, income, marital status, habits or religion have an influence over the peoples expectations and attitudes (Johnson et al. 2014). Organizational Dimensions- The factors such as work field, management status, division or department have significance in the organization affecting the behaviour and attitudes (Oguntebi, Shcherbakova and Wooten 2012). Cultural Models including modes of Communication and Behaviours The communication between two or more people can be considered effective if there is clarity in values and beliefs. Different industry sectors have different values and beliefs. The transactional process can be implemented in three industrial contexts as stated below. Suppliers and customers- The cultural diversity affects the implementation of work processes between the suppliers and customers. It is critical for the suppliers to share their concerns in order to sell more products to the customers. Communication helps in understanding the diversified customers and suppliers (Calabrese et al. 2015). Students and tutors- Communication plays a critical role for the students studying abroad. The tutors may enhance the different views of students to meet the diverse culture requirements (Galaktionova 2015). Medical professionals and patients- The diverse cultures have a great impact on the medical staff and health care sectors as it helps in innovating new ways to assist patients within the health care (Gone 2011). Hofstedes Model Hofstedes model of cultural dimensions was propounded by Geert Hofstede. He conducted a comprehensive study of valuing culture in different nations. Hofstede defines culture as a collective programming of mind that distinguishes members from one another. The six cultural dimensions of the model are identified as under: Power Distance Index (PDI) UK has a low degree of PDI as they believe in a society with less inequality (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). The US scores 40 and accept that power is distributed unequally (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV) - A high score of 89 for UK depicts that British are highly private people backing individualism (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). The US also has a high score of 91 as Americans are accustomed to do business with people they do not know well (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). Masculinity- Britain is a masculine society at a score of 66 and the people are success oriented (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). The US has a high score of 62 and reflects a masculine culture as the Americans show their individualist drive in the world (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). Uncertainty Avoidance- UK has a low score of 35 indicating that the nation is quite happy and are not threatened (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). With a score 46 for the US, Americans have a fear because of the past incidents and attacks on the country (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). Long-term Orientation- UK has an intermediate score of 51 reflecting that the dominant preference in British culture cannot be determined (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). The US has a low score of 26 reflecting that Americans do not follow a pragmatic culture (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). Indulgence- A score of 69 indicates indulgent British culture exhibiting a willingness to realize their impulses (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). A score of 68 for the US indicates that Americans believe in work hard and play hard attitude (Geert-hofstede.com 2016). Findings and Analysis Findings and Analysis of UK According to the equality campaigners, there is a gender pay gap between men and women at 14.2% (Kollewe 2015). The data shows little progress in minimizing the gap between salaries for men and women. The above data shows a gap for men and women who are working full time based on the data collected from the Office for National Statistics. The data for 2014 shows 15.7% (Kollewe 2015). The campaigners warned about the little progress made in minimizing the gap for 2013, it would take 54 years to fully balance the gap between salary of men and women (Kollewe 2015). Considering both part-time and full-time workers, the gender pay gap is 19.1% (Kollewe 2015). According to the Trades Union Congress (TUC), the pay gap between men and women among Britains top earners is 55% (Kollewe 2015). The women earn 75,745 while 2% of male earners earn more than 117,352 a year (Kollewe 2015). Due to the increase in gaps between gender pay, the country is heading down the gender equality league table. The country ranks have fallen down from 37th to 46th in economic participation, from 63rd to 94th in health, from 1st to 32nd in educational attainment and 12th to 33rd in political empowerment (The Guardian 2014). In UK, for every 10 percent increase in gender diversity, there was a financial impact as EBIT rose by 3.5 percent due to greater gender diversity resulting in high performance (Hunt, Layton and Prince 2015). According to the Global Gender Gap report, the gap between men and women for wages stands at 66% (Kottasova 2015). It is further reported that 125 women in the UK work for free daily (Kottasova 2015). According to Silvera (2014), the disabled employees at UK still face discrimination at the workplace. According to the law firm Leigh Day, the disabled workers feel unsupported as they are treated differently at the workplace (Silvera 2014). The reports of Purple Workforce report also suggest that almost half of the disabled worker respondents do not feel comfortable their disability while applying for a new job (Silvera 2014). 3/4th of the disabled workers reported that they fear disclosing disability due to fear of discrimination rather than embarrassment (Silvera 2014). The disabled workers face negative attitudes from employers during the interview. Welfare reform minister Lord Freud made an apology for stating that the disabled workers are not worth of receiving the national minimum wage of 6.50 per hour (Silvera 2014). He further suggested paying at least the minimum wage (Silvera 2014). According to a survey taken by the Latvian Community in Boston, Latvia faces discrimination for the migrant workers. The report states that 839 workers stated their experiences and the group is known as Stronger Together (The Baltic Times 2015). 45 workers reported that they were not being paid for statutory holidays and 38 people reported that they were not entitled clearly for working days and holidays entitlement (The Baltic Times 2015). Several cases were reported where the employers made demands for working over time without giving any notice. The employees were also penalised with 7-14 days unpaid leave in case they did not arrive within an hour or two (The Baltic Times 2015). 33 workers reported that they had injuries at work and were dismissed (The Baltic Times 2015). 17 employees reported that the pregnant women were not given jobs and were denied maternity leave (The Baltic Times 2015). 30 Latvians reported that the migrants had to find alternative accommodation as the land lords were not willing to carry essential repairs (The Baltic Times 2015). The researchers state that the legal migrant workers are critical to the US economy and they face discrimination at the workplace. The temporary agricultural workers have a salary of $10 an hour or less (Jula 2015). The number of temporary workers has increased from 6,573 to 111,670 from 1990 to 2013 (Jula 2015). It is harder for the companies to find workers even with temporary visas (Jula 2015). Findings and Analysis of US The U.S. Census Bureau reported that the gender wage gap has narrowed (Hartmann 2015). According to the reports, women earned 78.6% of what men earned in the year 2014 increased from 78.3% (Hartmann 2015). The gap between men and women remained stagnant at about $11,000-$12,000 since 2001 (Hartmann 2015). According to the research conducted by Institute for Womens Policy Research, it was reported that the women would not see equal pay until 2059 (Hartmann 2015). Further, the Global Gender Gap report stated that the gap between men and women for wages stands at 64% indicating that the women earn two-thirds of what men earn for performing similar work (Kottasova 2015). The US stands at 74th rank for wage equality among 145 countries (Kottasova 2015). It is further reported that 133 women in the US work for free daily (Kottasova 2015). President Obama was embarrassed reporting that women earn only 77 cents in comparison to every dollar a man earns (Smith 2014). According to the Bureau of Labour Statistics survey for 2012, the real figure was reported as 81 cents on the dollar for median income of women (Smith 2014). The women must be paid even more. Black men make only 87 cents on a dollar in comparison to other men (Smith 2014). The black women earn 78 cents on the dollar (Smith 2014). According to the new Cornell University study, the researchers further state that workers with disabilities are paid 8% less in total compensation including wages, vacation time, health insurance, and 10% less than workers in similar jobs (Omaye 2013). The disabled workers are more likely to opt for jobs with lower wages than the jobs offering strong benefit packages (Omaye 2013). 21% of the employees with disabilities are actively looking for a job or are employed (Omaye 2013). The unemployment rate increased from 7% to 13% in the year 2013 (Omaye 2013). According to the reports, there were two job groups clustered for 62% Hispanics- sales and office occupations and service occupations (Fisher 2015). The data is compared with employees of same job categories for 51% of whites, 44% Asians and 57% blacks (Fisher 2015). The employees having disabilities are underrepresented in white-collar jobs and overrepresented as manual labour jobs. The limitation of the research was that only full-time male workers were surveyed to determine wage gaps (Fisher 2015). Discussion Workplace discrimination based on cultural diversity in age, gender, race and various other factors has come a long way in the recent decades. Despite times of legislation, activism and human resources, workplace discrimination still exists as a curse for countries like UK and the US. Most workplace laws and policies to prevent stereotypes based on culture, gender, race, creed or sexual orientation are affecting workplace decisions. Prejudice comes in different qualitative forms that have to be managed be according to emerging evidence in neuroscience and social psychology. Culture is the most important part of leadership. The employees need a sense of purpose and direction that makes an organization stronger. The organizations cannot be overt about discriminating like in traditional times. The commitment to workplace diversity must be promoted (Foster 2011). Researchers have found out that a section of gender age gap is caused due to various factors. There are various social and economic factors that drive wage gap based on racial discrimination. Several policies like medical leave, paid sick days helps in ensuring women of colour are able to maintain a balance and parity between work and family. The public policy would not close the gender gap for women of colour. The subpopulations experience different needs, positions and wants in relations to power and force. Cultural diversity refers to the co-presence of the above mentioned cultural systems within the same geopolitical boundaries (Foster 2011). Cultural diversity has a major impact on the communication as the emerging economies have begun to integrate the business cultures of traditional powerhouse nations into their businesses. A negative effect of cultural diversity in the workplace is that there is increased tendency of indulgence in conflicts. The difference in opinion and mutu al effort differs, this leads to hindrance in development of unity. The personal culture of the people generally comes from the context of his or her family or friends or from the educational environments. The knowledge of cultural values helps in strengthening the domestic values (Foster 2011). Diversity management is a process that is intended to create a positive work atmosphere while accepting differences of individuals. The human resource practices, institutional environments, expectations, perceived practices and diversity- related pressures are mostly emphasized on organizational culture. Wage discrimination negatively affects the workplace beyond cash liabilities, workplace productivity, retention of staffs and perception among customers. Discriminatory practices have a negative effect on the job satisfaction levels as all employees are not treated as one. The promotions, benefits or bonuses should be exclusively awarded on the basis of candidate performance and qualifications (Eide and Nikunen 2011). If any employee at the workplace is discriminated on the basis of gender, race, creed or other discriminatory factors, the workplace productivity is negatively affected. The turnover levels can increase if the staffs regularly witness discrimination at the workplace. If the employee has a perception of job insecurity or no future in the organization, he will not perform efficiently and invest less. The level of organizational commitment would be negatively affected (Rose 2012). Diversity is a set of conscious practices involving and appreciating the importance of cultures, natural environment, humanity that are different from our own. Discriminatory practices also affect the reputation of the organization. Discrimination also affects the clients or customers of the organization. The jobseekers research the company whether application and if the organization is facing several discriminatory lawsuits, the potential employees are less likely to apply. The crippling effects of workplace discrimination involve negative fallout, reduced profits and demoralized workforce. One of the biggest negative effects of workplace discrimination is the poor working atmosphere. Workplace diversity refers to number of differences between people in the organization. A culture of suspicion, mistrust, rivalry and hostility is created. If the employees are discriminated at the workplace, the employees tend to lose focus and waste time. Discrimination causes negative motivation amo ng employees again leading to loss of productivity. The employees have a tendency to switch jobs and cope with low productivity. Discrimination at workplace usually leads to a debilitating effect on the psychology of employees. Some of the incidents at workplace due to discrimination lead to domestic violence and even murder caused by rage due to loss of self esteem. Not only the diversity management involves how one perceives himself, but also how an individual perceives other members of the organization (Neuman, W. L. 2011). Modern organizations face many significant challenges due to competitive global economy and turbulent environment. Culture and language differences result in miscommunication jeopardizing trust, team identity and cohesion. Closing the gender pay gap is necessary for both the employers and workers. Apart from creating a positive work environment and motivation to employees, the economy attains profitability as a whole. The undervaluing of women's work and the under-utilisation of women's skills is a lost resource for the economy and for society at large (Chen 2011). A better use of women's skills allows them to better contribute to the economy as a whole. The reduction in gap also promotes equal opportunities and social justice. The economic independence is improved as the skills and values motivate performance. If the women-owned businesses are expanded, more capital may be drawn into more productive businesses. Small business getting more capital acts as a stimulus for local communi ties. The wage gap hurts women and families (de Castro Campos, Kool and Muysken 2013). Recommendations The proposed solution for minimizing the wage gap between disabled workers, men and women and other discriminatory grounds require expansion of services, improve management training, raise awareness and accommodate employees with disabilities (Teeratansirikool et al. 2013). Cultural Literacy and competence Cultural literacy is the ability to understand and increase participation fluently in a particular culture. The term was coined by E. D. Hirsch and it is an analogy to literacy of reading and writing. Cultural literacy can act as an international strategy for dealing with cultural diversity (Shwalb, Shwalb, and Lamb 2013). A cultural literate person would be able to talk, understand and manage the people of other culture. The social mobility increases due to cultural literacy as every person can participate in the conversation with teachers or employers. Cultural illiteracy is the most common and reasons of poverty and powerlessness. Literacy is not just a matter of decoding the string of words or letters, but it is a matter of decoding context. Anyone working in the information and service economy is well served by being as culturally literate as possible (Andrevski et al. 2011). Cultural competence is a set of behaviours, policies and attitudes that enable an organization to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. Cultural competency includes valuing diversity, being conscious about interaction of cultures, having the capacity for self-assessment and developed adaptations to service delivery. The above factors can be incorporated in all aspects of practice, knowledge and skills. Cultural competence acknowledges and incorporates variance in normative acceptable behaviors, beliefs and values in determining an individuals mental wellness/illness, and incorporating those variables into assessment and treatment (Suedekum, Wolf and Blien 2012). Creative conflict Management Conflicts arise in organizations due to various reasons. The strategies to manage conflicts are very crucial. The international strategy can be useful when the workers feel their self-esteem is under attack. There are five different conflict modes- aggressive mode, accommodating mode, compromising mode, collaborating mode and avoiding mode (Logan 2012). The organizations must inculcate a creative culture. The employees must pay attention to details and must maintain security of employment. Leader plays a critical role in creative conflict management. A successful organizational culture results from only two things: top leaders and engaging employees. Leaders need to encourage other leaders that would help in shaping organizational culture and value conflict management (Bassett 2012). The misunderstandings may lead to unproductive conflicts. The best way to address the issue of cultures is to make community building a part of organizations purpose. An effective conflict resolution strategy would help the diverse team in reducing conflict and increasing productivity. Creative conflict would help in building innovation and increasing productivity. Creative conflict is characterized by effective communication and strong relationships. Team or group development, learning, and facilitation matched to the members' current intercultural expertise. A diverse culture leads to discrimination between employees resulting in conflicts. It is the responsibility of the management to spread cooperation and collaboration for diverse culture and encourage employees in reducing conflicts. Conflict resolution also evaluates the significant growth of the organization (Nederveen Pieterse, van Knippenberg and van Dierendonck 2012). Localization One of the most important strategies in handling discrimination at workplace is localization. Localization implies process of adapting to the specific culture or locale. Through localization, the objectives and goals can be aligned with activities of the organization. The expansion of global reach and penetrating existing markets further is a key objective of organizations. With the promotion of localization activities, the teams can shine light on the teams expertise and knowledge. The organization can obtain education and gain access to technological tools (Song 2011). The organizations must find a balance between standardization and localization of web content. Localization would provide the local knowledge in a particular situation as the deep knowledge and behaviour would bring potential for dealing with employees. Localization helps in minimizing the disadvantages of diversity. Establishment of leadership in the organization would help in managing the challenges arising from diverse cultures globally. Poor communication process also influences the diversity management practices within various organizations. It is very important for the organization as well as the management team of the organization to understand the local or regional values and beliefs as this will help in executing the business process of the concerned firm (Moran, Harris and Moran 2011). Internationalization of Websites The internationalization of websites help in encouraging diversity practices on international grounds. The promotion and encouragement of diverse cultures can be a great strategy for diverse cultures across the world. It is important for the organizations to maintain a balance between employees and customers of the particular organization. Diversity in cultures help in evaluating the desired growth of the organization. The communication process is enhanced creating awareness among the people. Advancement of the communication technology plays the most vital role in reducing the great impact of the diversity across people working internationally (Laroche 2012). The personal culture of the people coming from different countries revealed their attitudes, behavior, traits, qualities and skills within a particular field. The personal culture of the people generally comes from the context of his or her family or friends or from the educational environments. The knowledge of cultural values helps in strengthening the domestic values. It enhances the communication process and creates awareness among the people which proves to be very helpful in reducing the discrimination and the social injustice that prevails between the different categories of people due to diverse cultures (Posthuma and Al-Riyami 2012). Conclusion The above paper explores the effect of cultural diversity on UK US business operations. Globalization and internationalization is critical and has become of great importance in the recent times. Britain has become increasingly diverse since World War II with a large amount of immigrated populations. The US is a nation of immigrants and it is a culturally diverse country. The Americans have a friendly nature and they are renowned for their informality. Every country has a different culture but there are various factors that encourage companies to begin operations on an international level. The situation for some countries is not easy as they have to adapt with the cultures in a foreign country. Several concerns such as political factors, economic environment and cultural factors play a significant role in the international market. The data is collected from secondary sources such as published journals, articles, websites and books. An explanatory approach is followed for preparing the paper. It is necessary for the companies to find employees that would enhance creativity and innovation in the organization. Every country has a different culture but there are various factors that encourage companies to begin operations on an international level. The issues of team-building can become problematic as the cultures may be individualistic, or collectivism may be prominent. The communication between two or more people can be considered effective if there is clarity on values and beliefs. Communication plays a critical role for the students studying abroad. The tutors may enhance the different views of students to meet the diverse culture requirements. Hofstede defines culture as a collective programming of mind that distinguishes members from one another. Due to the increase in gaps between gender pay, the country is heading in the gender equality league table. The disabled employees at UK still face discrimination at the workplace. The disabled workers face negative attitudes from employers during the interview. Several cases were reported where the employers made demands for working over time without giving any notice. The limitation of the research was that only full-time male workers were surveyed to determine wage gaps. The turnover levels can increase if the staffs regularly witness discrimination at the workplace. If the employee has a perception of job insecurity or no future in the organization, he will not perform efficiently and invest less. Several policies like medical leave, paid sick days helps in ensuring women of colour can maintain a balance and parity between work and family. If the women-owned businesses are expanded, more capital may be drawn into more productive businesses. Small business getting more capital acts as a stimulus for local communities. The wage gap hurts women and families. Most workplace laws and policies to prevent stereotypes based on culture, gender, race, creed or sexual orientation are affecting workplace decisions. Establishment of leadership in the organization would help in managing the challenges arising from diverse cultures globally. It is important for the organizations to maintain a balance between employees and customers of the particular organization. References Andrevski, G., Richard, O., Shaw, J. and Ferrier, W., 2011. Racial Diversity and Firm Performance: The Mediating Role of Competitive Intensity.Journal of Management, 40(3), pp.820-844. Bassett, L., 2012.Economists: Closing Gender Wage Gap Would Create 'Huge' Economic Stimulus. [online] The Huffington Post. 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[online] Center for American Progress. Available at: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/report/2015/04/14/110962/women-of-color-and-the-gender-wage-gap/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2016]. Foster, H. (2011). Art since 1900. New York: Thames Hudson. Galaktionova, N. (2015). EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES OF IDENTITY FORMATION: THE NATIONAL-STATE AND ETHNO-CULTURAL ASPECTS. KS, 0(2), p.54. Galaktionova, N. (2015). EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES OF IDENTITY FORMATION: THE NATIONAL-STATE AND ETHNO-CULTURAL ASPECTS. KS, 0(2), p.54. Geert-hofstede.com, 2016.THE HOFSTEDE CENTRE. [online] Geert-hofstede.com. Available at: https://geert-hofstede.com/united-kingdom.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Geert-hofstede.com, 2016.United States - Geert Hofstede. [online] Geert-hofstede.com. Available at: https://geert-hofstede.com/united-states.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Gone, J. (2011). Is psychological science a cultural?. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(3), pp.234-242. Gone, J. (2011). Is psychological science a cultural?. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(3), pp.234-242. Hartmann, H., 2015.Americas gender pay gap is at a record low, but hold the celebration. [online] Fortune. Available at: https://fortune.com/2015/09/22/americas-gender-pay-gap-is-at-a-record-low-but-hold-the-celebration/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2016]. Hunt, V., Layton, D. and Prince, S., 2015.Why diversity matters. [online] McKinsey Company. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/why-diversity-matters [Accessed 14 Mar. 2016]. Johnson, J., Earley, C., Lenartowicz, T., Teagarden, M. and Thomas, D., 2014. "Cultural Intelligence, Competence, Diversity: Defining Concepts, Measuring Constructs".Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014(1), pp.15798-15798. Jula, M., 2015.Study: Migrants, even with temp visas, get lower pay. [online] USA TODAY. Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/05/22/migrant-workers-wage-discrimination/27777017/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2016]. Kollewe, J., 2015.Gender pay gap: women effectively working for free until end of year. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/09/gender-pay-gap-women-working-free-until-end-of-year [Accessed 12 Mar. 2016]. Kottasova, I., 2015.U.S. gender pay gap is getting worse. [online] CNNMoney. Available at: https://money.cnn.com/2015/11/18/news/gender-pay-gap/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2016]. Kwintessential.co.uk, 2016.Doing Business in the UK | etiquette. [online] Kwintessential.co.uk. Available at: https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/etiquette/doing-business-uk.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Kwintessential.co.uk, 2016.USA - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette | global-etiquette | resources. [online] Kwintessential.co.uk. Available at: https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/usa.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Laroche, L., 2012.Managing cultural diversity in technical professions. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Logan, W., 2012. Cultural diversity, cultural heritage and human rights: towards heritage management as human rights-based cultural practice.International Journal of Heritage Studies, 18(3), pp.231-244. Moran, R., Harris, P. and Moran, S., 2011.Managing cultural differences. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Nederveen Pieterse, A., van Knippenberg, D. and van Dierendonck, D., 2012. Cultural Diversity and Team Performance: The Role of Team Member Goal Orientation.Academy of Management Journal, 56(3), pp.782-804. Neuman, W. L., N. (2011).The Research Design Maze: Understanding Paradigms, Cases, Methods and Methodologies. [online] Papers.ssrn.com. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2103082 [Accessed 15 Feb. 2016]. Oguntebi, J., Shcherbakova, M. and Wooten, L., 2012. Applying Diversity Management Concepts to Improve the Minority Educational Pipeline.Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 10(4), pp.473-494. Omaye, J., 2013.Study: Workers with disabilities paid 10% less. [online] USA TODAY. Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/23/disabilities-wage-gap-cornell/3172729/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2016]. Patrick, H. and Kumar, V., 2012. Managing Workplace Diversity: Issues and Challenges.SAGE Open, 2(2). Patten, E., 2015.On Equal Pay Day, key facts about the gender pay gap. [online] Pew Research Center. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/14/on-equal-pay-day-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-gender-pay-gap/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2016]. Posthuma, R. and Al-Riyami, S., 2012. Leading Teams of Higher Education Administrators: Integrating Goal Setting, Team Role, and Team Life Cycle Theories.Higher Education Studies, 2(3). Rose, G. (2012). [online] Available at: https://www.colorado.edu/geography/class_homepages/geog_4892_sum11/geog4892_sum11/materials_files/Rose%20Visual%20Methodologies%20Chpt1+8.pdf [Accessed 15 Feb. 2016]. Shwalb, D., Shwalb, B. and Lamb, M. (2013). Fathers in cultural context. New York: Psychology Press. Silvera, I., 2014.UK Disabled Employees Still Face Discrimination in the Workplace, Report Finds. [online] International Business Times UK. Available at: https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/uk-disabled-employees-still-face-discrimination-workplace-report-finds-1472816 [Accessed 12 Mar. 2016]. Smith, K., 2014.The Gender Pay Gap Is Just the Beginning of America's Pay Inequity Problem. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kylesmith/2014/04/10/the-gender-pay-gap-is-just-the-beginning-of-americas-pay-inequity-problem/#39384a7bfefe [Accessed 14 Mar. 2016]. Song, J., 2011. Team performance improvement: Mediating roles of employee job autonomy and quality of team leader-member relations in supportive organizations in the Korean business context.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 24(3), pp.55-76. Suedekum, J., Wolf, K. and Blien, U., 2012. Cultural Diversity and Local Labour Markets.Regional Studies, 48(1), pp.173-191. Teeratansirikool, L., Siengthai, S., Badir, Y. and Charoenngam, C., 2013. Competitive strategies and firm performance: the mediating role of performance measurement.Int J Productivity Perf Mgmt, 62(2), pp.168-184. The Baltic Times, 2015.Latvian workers in UK town complain of discrimination and bad treatment. [online] Baltictimes.com. Available at: https://www.baltictimes.com/latvian_workers_in_uk_town_complain_of_discrimination_and_bad_treatment/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2016]. The Guardian, 2014.The Guardian view on gender inequality in the UK: time to change the facts | Editorial. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/28/guardian-view-gender-inequality-uk [Accessed 12 Mar. 2016].

The World Essays (4319 words) - Frank Sinatra,

The World The World The world is a messed up place and we are all stuck here until our lives are through, or until we choose to leave. It's strange that I go along with everything everyone tells me, such as that I should ware certain cloths or listen to certain songs. I often wonder why I do the things I do, but then I just realize that's who I am. People are confused about why they are here and they don't understand what life is supposed to be about. They think that they should be a certain way or think a certain way, but they are all wrong. We should all act however we want to and not let the world influence us. Chapter one When I was a child I thought that the world was to big for me to understand, but I was wrong. The world is easy to understand if you're not crazy. All you got to do is realize that no one really knows what he or she is doing or where he or she is going. Every day that I wake up I wish that the world would change to where it was all right to be who you really are. Instead you have got to be what the world wants you to be. Its sad that these days a child can be left out of a certain group because his parents cant afford the outrageously expensive cloths that the other kids ware. This may cause the child to feel less encouraged to try in school or other activities. This is the kind of small thinking that causes a teen to act out in violence. After years of being picked on and labeled as a trouble maker just because of who he or she is and were he/she comes from. Society often blames parents or television for these tragedies because they cant admit that their own selfishness and lack of respect for those less fortunate is the true poison of the world. I once saw a man sitting on a street corner playing a guitar with his guitar case open. People passed him without looking or listening. Every now and then someone would toss some loose change or even a dollar, but they still never herd the music the man was playing. I stood and listened for about ten minutes to what was the greatest live version of ?Free Bird? that I had ever heard. When the man finished I offered him some money not so people would see me doing but because I thought his performance was well worth it. The man just smiled at me and declined it saying, ?no thanks, your applauds are all the payment I was looking for.? That was the moment in my life when I realized the world had it all wrong and society was blind. I was twelve years old. Since that day I've been on a quest to in some way show the world what I was fortunate enough to learn. I've tried in many ways to show my peers that it's ok to do your own thing and not follow others. Often I've just been criticized for my actions and told that I was being ridiculous, which in a few extreme cases was true, but I didn't let that stop me. Over the past six years of my life I've crawled out of what could be called the filth of society and established myself as an ?outstanding young man? in order to get people to notice my examples I'm trying to set. Of course I totally despise myself for the levels I've stooped to in order to get where I am today. Never the less, I believe if you're going to do something right u might as well go all out. So I guess by writing this I'm trying to finalize the actions that have taken place in my life during what are suppose to be the most important years of a teens life. Perhaps this book will help open a few eyes and turn a few heads but more then likely it will just be criticized and manipulated my several people that are just afraid of the honest to god truth of

The Effect of Social Media on Saudi University Students

The Effect of Social Media on Saudi University Students The current paper presents the proposal draft for the research of the effect of social media on Saudi university students’ attitudes towards English as a foreign language. As students of the intensive English learning course display various stages of schooling, dissimilar devotions of education, and diverse ranks of preceding preparation, the research should observe different aspects, which establish the consequence of these variables on scholar approach.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Effect of Social Media on Saudi University Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is widely debated that language education is observed as the foundation of the human way of life. Learning the language, even the foreign, provides a person with an opportunity to define their feelings, expectations, and imaginings. In the framework of learning a foreign language, numerous influences impact the learning course, for ex ample, inspiration, attitudes, apprehension, education attainments, abilities, intellect, age, temperaments, etc. The material of beginner’s attitude is recognized as one of the most significant issues that have an effect on learning a foreign language. The research aims to respond to the following questions: What are the attitudes of Saudi university students towards taking an English course in the framework of their social, mental and emotive features? Is there any statistically substantial impact of the social media towards Saudi university students’ attitudes towards learning English language? Is there any statistically substantial alteration in Saudi university students’ attitudes towards learning English language and the impact of the social media by the area of study? Is there any statistically substantial alteration in Saudi university students’ attitudes towards learning English language and the impact of the social media by the period of educat ion? In order to gather the essential information, a five-point Likert scope approach questionnaire and the interviews with the students of the university in Saudi Arabia will be applied. The scope approach elaborates thirty-two matters. ‘Language Attitude Scale’, which is a Likert sort measure of five points, is directed to every student to conclude whether there was any connection concerning their attitude and achievement and the impact of social media on the attitudes towards learning English. The group of participants will consist of 100 students, 52 individuals of which are (52%) men and 48 individuals (48%) women, unsystematically selected from diverse universities in the part of Saudi Arabia that is reachable according to my area of living. There are 32 scholars (32%) of the first year, 38 scholars (38%) in the second year, and the part of the third year scholars is 30 (30%). The chosen participants represented three different areas of schoolwork: Basic Sciences (BS), Life Sciences (LS), and Social Sciences (SS). There were 34 scholars of the Basic Sciences (34%), 34 scholars of the Life Sciences (34%), and 32 scholars of the Social Sciences (32%).Advertising Looking for proposal on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the majority of the universities in Saudi Arabia implement the separate education for males and females, diverse universities will be selected to characterize both sexes’ attitudes towards taking an English course and the social media effect on the attitudes of both genders. The design of this research is combined; it is qualitative and quantitative. To be more precise, the analysis is eloquent and inferential in addition. Therefore, a modified questionnaire will be implemented as an assessing instrument. The participants will be asked to provide the responses to every question of the survey in an honest manner, providing their own insights ab out their attitudes towards taking an English course as a foreign language in their universities in the framework of the demonstrative, intellectual and interactive features of attitude along with their demographic summary, for example, their sexual characteristics, period and area of education. The assessing instrument is represented by an attitude questionnaire that aims its attention on the attitudes towards taking the English course as a foreign language and the social media effect on it. In addition, the attitude questionnaire focuses on exploring the alterations in the applicants’ attitudes by their demographic facts. The questions are partially adjusted from the similar survey examination conducted in a research by Boonrangsri. Other questions were possessed from Attitude and Incentive Examination Battery planned by Gardner thirty years ago. Additionally, there will be several matters founded on the academics’ practices in schooling English as a foreign language . In general, there will be 40 questions regarding learning attitudes in the framework of demonstrative, intellectual and interactive features of mentality and the social media effect on the attitudes. The items will be conducted according to a five-point Likert scope measure from point 1: Intensely Disagree to point 5: Intensely Agree. The received material will be evaluated by the SPSS Program targeting to response to the investigation items quantitatively. In order to give a response to the first study inquiry, evocative indicators will be directed to define the occurrence, the mean, the alteration and the average aberration of the received material.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Effect of Social Media on Saudi University Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the liberated sample T-test will be directed to reply to the second study inquiry. Furthermore, the One-way ANOVA examination assessm ent will be the other kind of numerical investigation to inspect the third and fourth study inquiries. The study will examine the Saudi university students’ attitudes toward taking an English course as a foreign language and the impact of social media on it in relations to the interactive, cerebral, and demonstrative characteristics of attitude. Moreover, the study will discover whether there is some important alteration in the scholar attitudes toward the learning of the foreign language founded on their demographic summaries, such as sexual category, area, and period of studying.

Communiction Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Communiction Theories - Essay Example Production of communication is on different levels with different kinds of individuals. When strangers meet for the first time, they do not know a lot about each other, they converse so that they can know each other better (Littlejohn & Foss 246). The individuals go through definite steps as well as checkpoints so that uncertainty can be diminished about one other and shape a thought of whether one individual likes or detests the other. Whatever one of the individuals says cannot ultimately be true and may leave the other individual with uncertainty. As individuals communicate they make plans to achieve their goals. These plans may include passive strategies by observing the individual, active strategies by asking other individuals about the personality or looking up information, and interactive strategies by making inquiries and self-disclosure. At extremely uncertain time’s individuals become more cautious and depend more on data presented in diverse circumstances, which they find truthful. When individuals do not have a lot of certainty they lose self-assurance, in their individual plans and put together contingency plans (Littlejohn & Foss 287). Elevated heights of uncertainty builds distance among individuals and non-verbal self-expression have a propensity to assist in the trim down of this uncertainty. Berger generates theorems by combining axioms to capitulate a predictable conclusion. For instance, if connection reduces uncertainty and diminished uncertainty elevates liking, then it is obvious that connection and liking are optimistically interconnected. This can be proved because this correlation exists in extensively reputable findings in studies on interpersonal

Outline and assess Foucault's critique of modernity Essay

Outline and assess Foucault's critique of modernity - Essay Example It shall present Foucault’s ideas according to post-modernism and how it conflicts with the ideas of modernity. Then it shall seek to provide an answer to the questions raised in this introduction. A conclusion to this paper shall provide a summary and a clear answer to the issues raised. Foucault critiques of modernity are based on the anti-Enlightenment principles which do not agree with the act of matching reason with emancipation and progress. Instead, Foucault argues that the links between modern realms of information has led to different types of domination (Kellner, 1991: 65). His reports have added details to this domination through psychiatry, medicine, and criminology. His aim was to critique the trends in the current world order which makes issues from the more contemporary forms of prudence which appear to be natural, but are actually oppressive forms of domination. From his goals, it can be deduced that Foucault is a â€Å"complex and eclectic thinker who draws f rom multiple sources and problematic while aligning himself with no single one† (Kellner, 1991: 41). Foucault’s literature and philosophy is a critique of modernity and he differentiates between the classical and the modern eras of the post-Renaissance period (Kellner, 1991: 39). â€Å"He sees the classical era as inaugurating a powerful mode of domination over human beings that culminates in the modern era† (Kellner, 1991: 41). He also supports Nietzsche when the latter does not give much credit to the Enlightenment ideals in historical progress. In effect, Foucault believes that humans do not go through a series of conflicts to eventually arrive at an implied agreement of the rule of law; instead, he believes that humans use the series of violent acts under certain rules and then they progress from one act of domination to another (Foucault, 1979: 25). Enlightenment was deemed by Foucault as a means of increasing political power and of distributing it in the so cial field – eventually covering different aspects of daily life. Foucault, in effect, supports a position against modernity and this is a major characterization of his work (Grumley, Hegel, and Foucault, 1989: 11). The postmodern ideal does not support the idea of equating reason and freedom with each other; and it also does not support the attempts at making issues out of the different modern and oppressive elements of rationality. Foucault sees modern rationality and subjectivity therefore as a source of domination (Grumley, Hegel, and Foucault, 1989: p. 171). He also points out that knowledge and truth are tools for power and domination. Critique of Foucault’s perspectives One of the critiques of Foucault’s perspective of modernity is the fact that he rejected the advantages which were gained through modernity, including that of medicine (Kellner, 1991: 65). Other philosophers like Habermas believed that science and the technologies arising from it would not create any issues for as long as these technologies are managed according to proper rules (Powell and Moody, 2003). In contrast, Foucault completely discounted the benefits and progressive gains from modernity and science. Foucault believed that modernity is entirely disciplinary, and this generalization is a difficult one to support (Koopman, 2010: 3). His analysis has not exactly focused on what would end up being right in the end;

Supply chain Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supply chain - Case Study Example He realized that both manufacturers and retailers were dealing with thinner margins due to market conditions. He wanted to cut costs out of the distribution channel without compromising service. The new approach towards logistics that Brando envisioned involved rather than sending products to the distributors according to their internal planning process, the company would analyze the distributor’s shipment data and send only what is needed at the stores. The solution proposed that the company take full control of its supply chain by becoming responsible for determining the quantities and delivery schedules. Brando believed that this new system would help everyone reduce inventory levels. â€Å"Each day each distributor would provide us data on what Barilla product it had shipped out of its warehouse to retailers during the previous day, as well as the current stock level for each Barilla SKU† (Hammond). Replenishing orders would be made by the company based on that data . The new proposed system was called just-in-time-distribution (JITD). The new JITD system met with resistance to change from the employees of the company. The sales and marketing department felt that the system would interfere with their job duties. Their responsibilities would be diminished if the new program was put into action. A conflict that the JITD imposed was that it would flatten the sales of the company. The company would not be able to adjust their shipments to changes in selling patterns or increased promotions. Implementation of the JITD system imposed the creation of a sophisticated relationship with suppliers that the company might not be ready to handle. The company would run the risk of giving up shelf space to the competition. The new system was susceptible to stockouts. The firm would not be able to run promotions that give incentives to the customers to purchase more. The new JITD system might be visualized by the distributors as a hassle due to the fact that the system

Theories of US Involvement in the Vietnam War

Theories of US Involvement in the Vietnam War Laina Galayde The Right Reasons Do you know how many U.S troops were killed in the Vietnam War? According to the DCAS in 2009, there were 58,220 recorded deaths. Did the United States really have the right reasons to expend that many citizens? There was not significant enough economic, social or political reason for the U.S. to involve itself in the Vietnam Civil War. For many who study foreign affairs, the Vietnam War was a tragic mistake brought about by the U.S. leaders who exaggerated the influence of communism and underestimated the power of nationalism (Lind). However, those who actively study foreign affairs are not the only ones who view this war as a mistake. It is also agreed that in the long run, the United States had nothing to gain economically from being involved in the Vietnam Civil War. When fighting finally broke out in Vietnam there were two sides, the communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam. In reality, the two sides werent so clearly defined until 1945 when, Viet Minh forces seized the northern city of Hanoi and declared a democratic State of Vietnam (known commonly as North Vietnam) with Ho as president, (History.com staff). Ho as in Ho Chi Minh. Bao Dai, the French educated emperor of all Vietnam stepped down in favor of the revolution to free his country from the oppressive French. However, the French who had formed an alliance with the Chinese were not planning on letting Vietnam have their independence yet. While they got control of the South, the Chinese invaded the North. Despite Hos tries for peaceful negotiations with the French for independence for Vietnam, withdrawal of the Chinese and reunification of the North and the South were all for naught when, in October 1946, a French cruiser opened fire on the town of Haiphong after a clash between French and Vietnamese soldiers(History.com staff). and Ho Chi Minhs followers called for war. Now, onto the claims. In the long term, The United States had nothing to gain economically from the Vietnam War. When the United States first entered the war the main concern was the spread of communism; the economy was not fore-front. Though the war was instrumental in increasing wages, inflation was also rising at an astounding rate. However, this was not the true economy. It was all fabricated because of the war. The government was spending huge amounts of money on companies that were, in one way or another, feeding and fueling the Vietnam Conflict and people were making money hand over fist (Captain John Glowe, Vietnam veteran). It can be argued that the stimulating effect of wars can be beneficial to the economy. War leads to higher government spending, higher employment and can, therefore, provide a boost to domestic demand, economic growth and help reduce unemployment (Pettinger). Yet, when America pulled out of the conflict much of this work dried up and the American people w ere left with a huge recession that damaged the economy greatly. Socially, the Vietnam conflict was a Civil War that we should not have involved ourselves in.ÂÂ   The United States main justification of its involvement in the war was to help the people of Southern Vietnam be free and so stop the spread of communism; however, it was hard for the American people to understand the Vietnamese because they wanted to be independent more than they didnt want communism. Their freedom was not as important as their nationalism. The independence of the country of Vietnam was paramount. One of the things that made the Vietnam War so morally confusing for Americans was the fact that the Viet Minh were both nationalists and Communist (www.sparknotes.com). This confusion led to the American people not supporting their returning troops and to protests. Though it can be argued that this confusion also caused the innocent American people to wake up and question their leaders, ultimately, the costs of the war did not justify the means. During the Vietnam War, o ne of the biggest social impacts was the use of protesting. Protesters believed that mass gatherings and constant protesting would actually influence government decisions. Whether it did or not, is something to debate. But, from the outside looking in, the protests did nothing to stop the U.S, from getting involved, the war continuing, or ending (Biello). Finally, the negative global effect of a possible communist Vietnam was exaggerated. It wasÂÂ   feared that if one country fell to communism, its neighbor would, and so on and so on, much like dominoes falling. In Southeast Asia, the United States government used the domino theory to justify its support of a non-communist regime in South Vietnam against the communist government of North Vietnam, and ultimately its increasing involvement in the long-running Vietnam War (1954-75) (History.com Staff). This theory did not evolve as was feared. In fact, the American failure to prevent a communist victory in Vietnam had much less of a global impact than had been assumed by the domino theory. Though communist regimes did arise in Laos and Cambodia after 1975, communism failed to spread throughout the rest of Southeast Asia (History.com Staff). In conclusion, although economic, social, and political justifications have been touted for the United States entanglement in the Vietnam War, with time, most of these have been proven invalid. It is impossible to know what our world might look like had America not chosen to participate in the Vietnam conflict. As in most instances, hindsight is 20/20. Work Cited Statistical Information About Casualties of The Vietnam War. www.archives.gov, 2013,ÂÂ   https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.html Lind, Michael. Why We Went to War in Vietnam. www.legion.org, The American Legion, December 20, 2012, https://www.legion.org/magazine/213233/why-we-went-war-vietnam. Hisory.com staff. Ho Chi Minh. www.history.com, A+E Networks, 2010, http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/ho-chi-minh. Pettinger, Tejvan. Economic Impact of War. www.economicshelp.org, 2010, http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/2180/economics/economic-impact-of-war/ The Vietnam War (1945-1975). www.sparknotes.com, B+N, Works Cited http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/vietnamwar/section2/page/2/ Biello, Blase. Vietnam War Aftermath. www.blogspot.com, 2010, http://blaseanwar.blogspot.com/2011/01/vietnam-war-aftermath_13.html History.com staff. Domino Theory. www.history.com, A+E Networks, 2009,ÂÂ   http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/domino-theory

Antigone :: essays research papers

Justice is a word we hear today all the time. Left and right we hear of judges and citizens demanding justice. Is justice always the right way? It seems that justice is not always the correct solution to a problem, but a solution that is the easiest to make. The classic play Antigone is a perfect example of this. Antigone is classic tragedy at its finest. A simple civilized and humane right of burying a loved one is turned into a great loss. Creon’s inapt decision to hold his power and sentence Antigone to death causes him to lose the people he loves most. The â€Å"justice† of the play is simply Creon’s punishment for his cruelty to Antigone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Antigone learns that no one is to bury her brother, she immediately knows what she must do. She doesn’t even hesitate to her decision and she is fully willing to face the consequences to do what is right. She believes that what she is doing is just a humane right and she’s willing to die for what she believes in. She even tells Creon that what he’s doing is against what the gods wanted and that his laws were worthless. She states: â€Å"Not through dread of any human pride could I answer to the gods for breaking these.† It seems that gods are almost speaking to Creon through Antigone and warning him of his decision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antigone is almost hailed to a god like status, as Oedipus was before her. She is extremely strong and unbelievably willing to sacrifice everything in the name of honor and pride. She so easily makes her decisions and chooses to die willingly without a second thought. The minute Creon questions her on breaking the law, she states: â€Å"Die I must, -I knew that well (how should I not?)-even without thy edicts.† What is even more is that Antigone was a woman, a woman in a time of extreme male domination. This makes her even stronger of a person in the play and shows the growing strength of the gender that we know of today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The blind sear once again plays the roll of an extremely reliable, but ignored person. He warns Creon of his terrible mistake but when Creon goes to change his wrongs, he finds out its too late. Creon is given more than enough warnings of his fate as Antigone states in the play: â€Å"And if my present deeds are foolish in thy sight, it may be that a foolish judge arraigns my folly.

Effects of the Differences in Tax Systems

Of late, differences in the tax systems between countries have been a subject of debate and have occupied center stage in most forums. Due to this, we shall now focus on the various effects that have been generated by these differences. Notably, the essay will focus on Japan whose corporate tax rate is the second highest in the world. Disparities in the taxation systems between countries give the multinational companies an opportunity to interfere with their transfer prices.For instance, a business man in Japan may chose to understate his sales revenue which is originating from an affiliate in a low tax country while at the same time overstate his purchases from the low tax country (Carroll, 20050). By so doing, the businessman will have shifted most of his reported profits to the low tax countries which will further translate into a reduction of the tax liability or will have participated in tax evasion.Also, the disparities in the tax systems across countries encourage some multina tional companies to report disproportionate profits to the low tax countries. In line with this, reports have shown that over 70% of countries with non U. S profits earned by U. S multinational firms are normally taxed at an effective tax rate of below 10%. Precisely, Japan has an effective tax rate of 2. 5%. In addition; the differences in the tax systems between countries give room for corruption (Carroll, 20050).This is in most cases initiated by the tax officials who normally take advantage of the tax payers who are not aware of the procedures to be followed in tax administration. The differences in tax systems have also created an avenue for tax bureaucracy. This normally arise when the disgruntled, low salaried tax officials play a role in protecting the tax evaders who in turn avail some percentage of the tax evaded to them. This was the case in Japan back in 1993 when there was the tax evasion scandal involving Kanemaru Shin.At this point, it is worth concluding with an opin ion that numerous measures need to be undertaken to eliminate the negative effects of the difference in tax systems. For instance, countries should standardize the procedures which will make the tax systems to be more transparent and will enhance the integrity of the same (Carroll, 20050). Finally, the tax systems should introduce incentive reforms like the salary incentives which will definitely go a long way in eradicating the corrupt behavior of tax officials.

Female Genital Mutilation and Male Circumcision Should Both Be Abolished essays

Female Genital Mutilation and Male Circumcision Should Both Be Abolished essays There has been countless news reports and television programming discussing the horrors of female circumcision or female genital mutilation. However, there has been very little in the main stream press regarding the practice of male circumcision. Female genital mutilation is no more of a human rights violation than male circumcision , therefore both should be Although, genital mutilations are usually referred to as a cultural practice, there is increasing evidence that this innocent and benign label actually evades, dismisses and covers-up the horrific effects these mutilations have upon a child's psyche and soma, and, moreover present a very real danger to the child's health.[1] Thus, one wonders how such a practice ever began in the first place. People or cultures who engage in such practices view them as an essential right of passage and often an important requirement for a marriage partner, while those who do not practice genital circumcision view the practice with disbelief, horrified that any human would willingly permit such a thing to be performed on his or her child.[2] So, just where did these practices originate' According to history and archaeology, together with the "global distributions of male and female genital mutilations among native, non Western people, suggests their genesis in the deserts of Northeast Africa and the Near East, with subsequent diffusion outward into sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania, and possibly into part of the New World."[3] The practice migrated due to military conquest of cultures that did not mutilate by cultures that did, or by "voluntary adoption in association with other cultural changes of an anti-sexual and anti-child nature," similar to such practices as "infant cranial deformation, swaddling, virginity taboo, vaginal blood taboo, and male domination of kinship and inheritance."[4] Incision, which is considered ...

Common Hull Shapes on Boats and Ships

Common Hull Shapes on Boats and Ships Naval architects have designed some crazy looking boats and they will continue to push forward with topside design principals. The hull, on the other hand, is well refined and needs a little tinkering. Hydrodynamics research is driven by supercomputers in the modern world, but the old refined designs originally built by eye and scale models are proving to be very efficient without the help of computer chips. These three shapes are most common. Displacement This is, of course, the classic boat hull shape. It is by far the oldest and most used hull in history. The reed barges of ancient Egypt were floating on the River Nile thousands of years ago. The main feature of this hull is its deep and mostly symmetrical shape. The measurement of hulls is expressed as deadrise, which, in the simplest terms is the angle and distance a portion of the hull rises to meet the deck. This kind of hull usually only has one chine. Tugboats are good examples of a displacement hull since much of the hull is submerged. Cargo vessels also use this shape since the increased buoyancy allows them to carry more weight. The tradeoff is there is also a lot of drag because so much of the hull is below the waterline when underway. The displacement hull is also a very stable platform because of the low center of gravity and weight of displacement vessels. A high center of gravity makes a vessel more unstable but slower to roll from side to side. Displacement hulls roll less but make the trip back and forth much more quickly. Semi-Displacement Semi-Displacement hulls are a hybrid between displacement hulls and planning hulls. The dead rise from the bow to midship would resemble a displacement hull, deep with a tall bow with a wide beam. The deadrise from midship back to the stern would have a shallow bottomed V shape and could be practically flat at the stern. It would also be narrower than the bow and have much less freeboard. These hulls are common on small and medium-sized vessels with a few exceptions. The U.S. Navy’s Littoral Combat Ship group is one larger example. It is a high-speed shallow draft vessel that nearly planes at full speed. The benefits here are higher speed capabilities since the forward portion of the vessel lifts from the water at high speeds. At rest or at lower speeds the vessel behaves more like a displacement hull. Many military applications use this design for medium-sized vessels since it is very versatile. The shallow deadrise of the stern gives exceptional prop clearance. In some cases, the forward hull has a deeper draft than the propellers. The drawbacks are a wet ride at the rear of the boat since there is little freeboard. Plus using these boats in some conditions can lead to a very rough ride. High speed over chop is not the Semi-displacement hull’s strong point. Some designs incorporate multiple chines to give a sort of stepped hull that has sweet spots for intermediate speeds Planning A planning hull has little draft. In the water, the vast majority of the hull will be above water. Think of every recreational boat you have ever seen and there is your planning hull example. The hull shape is widely used outside of the recreational boat industry by builders who want a fast and efficient hull. Fast patrol boats are common in military roles around the world and almost all designs are planning hulls. The planning hull skips over the water and at speed, it will only be in contact with the surface at the stern. At this attitude, it has very little drag from the hull. A hull of this design uses multiple chines to lift the hull clear of the water very quickly. The deadrise at the stern is shallow except for the area near the keel. This small but relatively deep V shape give a planning hull good turning characteristics at high speeds. Drawbacks are low carrying capacity and quick and frequent rolling when at rest in even slightly rough waters.

Magna carta Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Magna carta - Essay Example The barons, unable to bear the pain of the king’s extra taxes, rebelled in June 1215 and captured London, though not entirely, forcing the king to enter into a peaceful settlement with them. This resulted into the signing of the Magna Carta which aimed at limiting the powers of the king while protecting certain rights of his subjects such as the right against unlawful imprisonment (For Know It- Alls 4).Of great concern to the king was clause 61 or the security clause which made him a ceremonial monarch as it stipulated much power for the barons over the king.( For Know It- Alls 9) The document has 63 clauses and can be divided into three sections: the first section deals with the position of the Catholic Church in England, the second are clauses that stipulates that the king will be less harsh on the barons and the third are clauses that concerns England’s legal system. (History learning site 1).Alchin 1, records that Archbishop Stephen Langton and the most powerful barons of the medieval England drafted the contents of Magna Carta, putting into rest the question of authorship. Magna Carta, a document signed by King John in1215 did lay a strong foundation for the liberties of not just England but it was to later influence the liberties of Anglophones, United States and the drafting of the United Nations Human

Rhetorical Analysis of a Discourse Communitys Practices Essay - 1

Rhetorical Analysis of a Discourse Communitys Practices - Essay Example Obviously, there is a considerable gap when information under the title is being passed over on one hand from professional to professional, and on the other hand, from a professional in the field marketing to a layman. Texts written in professional jargon typically suits the fellow professionals whereas texts written in plain English would, without doubt be constructed to suit the layman. When writing marketing papers it is imperative to distinguish the content for the two types of audiences. In the paper mentioned earlier, the content had been written to suit fellow marketing professionals. In marketing there are terminologies that cannot be easily deciphered by the layman unless they subjected the terms to a research. For instance, cause marketing, the seven P’s , copy testing, intangibility, investometer, low-end market, permission marketing, segregation, segmentation, warm marketing amongst others that were not contained within the paper whose title had been mentioned earl ier. Most of these terminologies are normal English words that would mean a different thing to layman, yet for a marketing professional the terms do have a relational meaning from the normal English usage. For instance, the term intangibility is an adverb and its derivative adjective intangible refers to ‘not having physical presence or unable to be touched’ (Soanes and Angus, 908). In marketing and from the usage in the paper it is used to describe the fruitless effort in assessing the value earned from performing an activity using tangible evidence. Hence, whereas it is proper to write an easily decipherable paper that can be read by everybody, technical languages associated with marketing will always prove difficult for those individuals who are not accustomed to the field. Although critics of technical writing argue that writing in marketing tone interferes with clear communication, it is important to note that

Counseling (Exisential Therapy) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Counseling (Exisential Therapy) - Essay Example In the spiritual approach, a transcendent answer to the four themes is believed to exist. In the atheistic approach, it is believed that there is no answer to the four major questions. One thing that is for certain for a human being is death. There is no denying it. But one cannot move forward in life if the person if afraid of death. The awareness of a person's life being limited by death can cause anxiety. But ignoring the presence of death in a person's lives will not help either. One will have to use the knowledge of the limitation of life to the best advantage for succeeding in life. Dr. Hoffman states that a person who finds the balance between the awareness of death and finding strength not to get overcome by it will have better chance of leading a fulfilling life (Existential Therapy, http://www.existential-therapy.com/General_Overview.htm). Freedom and Responsibility always come together. When people try to enjoy their freedom while ignoring their responsibilities, chances are that psychological consequences like depression, anger and anxiety starts to occur. Every person is free to choose their path in life, but at the same time he or she should take full responsibility of the outcome. One should never blame another human being for anything that happens in life. This also means that one should never let any belief or organization take charge of their lives. Also one should have the awareness that he or she is not powerless in any situation, either natural calamities, or diseases, or oppression, that he or she is responsible for themselves and the predicament there are currently in. Isolation Throughout one's life, a person is involved in different relations with all the people around him. In doing that the person might try to have a hold in the other person's life. But one needs to realize that human beings are essentially alone in this world. One needs to find validation from within, not from others. This awareness will make one live life more to the fullest than live thoughtlessly (Existential Therapy, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_therapy). Meaninglessness The human life can be described as a journey to find the meaning of life or a journey to create a meaning for life. When one thinks about the human life in terms of the isolation it faces, it might appear meaningless to stay alive. It is now that the urgency of creating one's own values and find or create own meanings for life becomes apparent. This will give the person a feeling of significance and will make the person strong enough to uphold the newly found meaning through life. The Therapy Existential Therapy when applied to real life situation can be viewed from four different angle, they are; the view of man, the goals of therapy, the role of the therapist and the role of the client. The view of man Man being a social animal longs to connect with others and might try to find

The Causes of Challenging Behavior Essay Example for Free

The Causes of Challenging Behavior Essay Dealing with children with challenging behavior has been a source of major problems amongst educators. The depth of the problem and the difficulty of dealing with students with challenging behavior have caused some schools and other educators to not properly address the trouble, hence resulting for the child’s expulsion or transfer from one school to another (Laursen and Peterson, 2005). This research will then seek to identify the causes and other risk factors that led to the development of Challenging Behavior and other related cognitive and behavioral concerns. Challenging Behavior: A Definition The Center for Evidence Based Practice (2007) defined challenging behavior as â€Å"any repeated pattern of behavior, or perception of behavior that interferes with or is at risk of interfering with optimal learning or engagement in pro-social interactions with peers and adults†. In relation with this, Emerson (1995) has added the role of culture on a development of a so-called â€Å"abnormal behavior†. Also, the element of success in school and other academic related activity was also cited by Grady (2007) as significantly related on the notion of challenging behavior. Environmental Factors One of the primary causes of challenging behavior among children is maternal depression (Douglas, 1989 p. 8). Studies showed that 30% of mothers during the 70’s to the 80’s revealed symptoms of melancholy. More specifically, a link between maternal depression and challenging behaviors of children proved to be one of the very vital risk factors. In addition, the notion of irresponsible parenting was claimed by Douglas (1989) as may be a result of a bad relationship with parents or with significant others. The role of the father in developing the behavior of the child is very crucial as studies showed that those fathers who exhibit characters of â€Å"personal disturbance, aggressive and anti-social behaviors† produced a significant effect on the children (p. 8). In addition, the difficult attitude of the father could also lead to a poor communication process that could further lead to minute cooperation and in the long run, irresponsible parenting. The study of Brown et al (1978) as cited from Douglas (1989) revealed four â€Å"Vulnerability Factors† that could be related to depression. The first factor is perceived as the death of one’s mother before the age of 11; the second factor was with regard to the absence of a â€Å"confiding relationship† with the mother’s significant others. The third was the lack of a professional career that would allow the mother to go to work, relate with other people and experience other things; and finally, those mothers who have three or more children who are all below 14 years old. Brown et al revealed that a significant 42% of â€Å"depression rate† was seen amongst mothers who have children who are all below 6 years of age. Barnes et al (1998) as cited from Michigan Non Profit Association (2002) have identified the role of parental illness as also one of the major determining factors for a child’s development of a challenging behavior. Some of the emotional dispositions of the mother that might have caused such is anxiety, depression and other negative emotional bursts that might have affect on the ability of the latter to take care of their children. In effect of this, a child may experience sadness, fear, loneliness and anger. The aggregation of these negative emotions in addition to the illness that is currently being experienced by the mother adds a lot on the distress and negative behavior that a child might exhibit. Corollary with this is the cause of family separation or divorce (Amato, 2002) (Pagain, 1997) as cited from Michigan Non Profit Association (2002). Amato and Pagain claimed that when compared from children who have a relatively better family setting, a child who has a broken family has more risks of developing challenging behaviors. In relation with this, Richman (1978) as cited from Douglas (1989) claimed that maternal depression is also associated on poor marriage; but virtually found no correlation at all to the role of relatives and friends in the curing of their depression. As such Douglas (1989) argued that it might be the case that the participants who are within the study of Richman have a relatively healthy relationship with their relatives and friends; however, such a relationship still cease to be a factor that could contribute to the well being of the mother until a healthy relationship on the significant other is established (Douglas, 1989, p. 9). The case of the child named June could be significantly related to this problem (Peterson, 2005). June is a 15 year-old female which has been diagnosed with bi-polar disorder and ADHD. In addition with this, she has also been perceived as having a relatively low IQ. June has been experiencing problems in terms of dealing with her peers and also her teachers and school administrators. She has been getting her self into fights, using profanity and frequently shouts at her teachers. On one of the sessions of June to Peterson (2005), she revealed that she recognize the fact that it could be possible that the effect of her mom’s relationship with another man who eventually her step father has also influenced her attitude. In one of the incidents June admitted that her most recent tantrum resulted due to watching a movie that reminded her of the bad incident that happened to her and to her step sister. She claimed that there was this time wherein some men on their place have been using some â€Å"chemicals†. At that time, her step sister became intoxicated and was later on sexually abused by those men. In addition, June herself claimed that she was also raped (Peterson, 2005). The role of marital relationship has been perceived as one of the major factors in shaping child behavior, however McLean (1976) as cited from Douglas (1989, p. 9) argued that there are a relatively few number of parents who are willing to undergo marriage guidance for the sake of their children. In relation with this, the Michigan Non Profit Association (2002) claimed that another reason for the emerging of a child’s challenging behavior could be a result of the relationship between the custodial parent and the child. More specifically, the absence of the custodial parent further makes things more difficult for the child since the latter has usually more attachment to his or her biological mother or father. Other cases such as financial difficulties also emerge on the picture as some parents failed to provide the needs of their children as a result of single parenthood or irresponsibility. The role of environmental stress such as poor housing and poverty has also been asserted by Douglas (1989) and Michigan Non Profit Association (2002) as a contributing factor on challenging behavior. The study made by Richman (1978) as cited from Douglas (1989) revealed the relationship of the type of abode to the development of challenging behavior. Richman claimed that there is a high depression rate that could be seen among children who are living in tower blocks. More specifically, those mothers who reside starting from the fourth floor and higher revealed a relatively high risk factor. The physical conditions of the rooms up stairs have been perceived to be the cause of the problem. Richman (1978) claimed that â€Å"damp housing conditions, lack of electricity or hot water, and overcrowding† (p. 9) also add to the depression that a mother experiences. In addition, majority of the mothers who experience depression are those who are with pre-school children who are unsupported and who are living in single bedsits (Richman as cited from Douglas 1989). In addition, Richman argued that such a type of disposition has further added on the depression that a mother experiences. However Richman as cited from Douglas (1989) made it clear that the abode per se does not directly influenced the behavior of the child, rather the amount of depression that is being experienced by the parent. If a particular mother perceived that she is being demoralized because of the type of her abode and its conditions, therefore she will certainly feel depressed and pass on this depression to her child. In addition to the amount of depression, a parent may also feel angry about her situation. In effect of this, the mother will slowly cut her relationship with her child, lost her patience easily; scrap her self out of enthusiasm and totally let her self fully bothered with her problems and deprive her child of proper care. In addition, Richman also made a point that some mothers who live in depressed areas do not necessarily exhibit depressing behaviors. He maintained that the treatment of a mother’s problem is completely relative to the perceiver.